Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | |||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | |||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | |||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | |||||||||
| Gross margin | +39.22% | +33.76% | +32.85% | +38.09% | +38.79% | +36.48% | +35.92% | +35.77% | +35.74% |
| Operating margin | +17.33% | +12.80% | +1.85% | +15.97% | -7.72% | +3.28% | +3.39% | +3.41% | +3.29% |
| EBITDA margin | +22.51% | +18.30% | +6.73% | +20.68% | -1.78% | +8.73% | +8.42% | +8.40% | +8.54% |
| EBIT margin | +16.86% | +12.56% | +1.67% | +15.41% | -7.54% | +3.26% | +3.11% | +3.15% | +3.11% |
| Pre-tax margin | +14.64% | +10.55% | -0.11% | +12.18% | -12.00% | +0.03% | +0.03% | +0.03% | +0.03% |
| Net margin | +10.95% | +7.90% | -1.07% | +9.10% | -14.10% | -2.02% | -2.06% | -2.06% | -1.99% |
| Cost structure | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +60.78% | +66.24% | +67.15% | +61.91% | +61.21% | +62.85% | +61.83% | +64.20% | +61.55% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +19.03% | +17.01% | +17.06% | +17.68% | +17.52% | +17.54% | +17.61% | +17.36% | +17.00% |
| Effective tax rate | +25.22% | +25.14% | — | +25.33% | — | +25.10% | +25.31% | +26.17% | +25.03% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | |||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +10.79% | +7.76% | -1.25% | +9.67% | -20.23% | -2.41% | -2.39% | -2.43% | -2.42% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +5.38% | +3.93% | -0.61% | +3.67% | -7.01% | -0.95% | -0.99% | -1.01% | -0.98% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +10.64% | +8.03% | +1.34% | +8.04% | -4.87% | +1.98% | +2.04% | +2.07% | +2.00% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +6.73% | +4.96% | +1.01% | +4.58% | -3.65% | +1.49% | +1.53% | +1.55% | +1.50% |
| Asset turnover | +49.14% | +49.82% | +56.89% | +40.34% | +49.68% | +47.26% | +48.21% | +49.18% | +49.30% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | |||||||||
| Net margin | +10.95% | +7.90% | -1.07% | +9.10% | -14.10% | -2.02% | -2.06% | -2.06% | -1.99% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +49.14% | +49.82% | +56.89% | +40.34% | +49.68% | +47.26% | +48.21% | +49.18% | +49.30% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +200.43% | +197.23% | +205.62% | +263.50% | +288.75% | +252.87% | +240.89% | +239.70% | +246.51% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | |||||||||
| Asset turnover | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.57 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.49 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 3.73 | 3.57 | 3.64 | 2.52 | 2.73 | — | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 5.07 | 4.86 | 5.67 | 4.87 | 4.42 | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 14.99 | 15.24 | 14.27 | 11.10 | 14.10 | — | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 4.70 | 4.44 | 4.11 | 3.79 | 4.14 | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | |||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 24.34 | 23.94 | 25.57 | 32.87 | 25.89 | — | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 72.03 | 75.04 | 64.35 | 74.89 | 82.64 | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 77.60 | 82.21 | 88.75 | 96.32 | 88.06 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 18.77 | 16.78 | 1.18 | 11.44 | 20.47 | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 1.79 | 1.80 | -13.01 | 1.65 | -0.98 | -7.28 | -7.06 | -7.14 | -7.02 |
| FCF / Net income | 1.44 | 1.14 | -7.85 | 0.86 | -0.66 | -4.27 | -4.05 | -4.03 | -4.29 |
| FCF margin | +15.72% | +8.99% | +8.41% | +7.86% | +9.36% | +8.62% | +8.35% | +8.30% | +8.54% |
| OCF margin | +19.56% | +14.21% | +13.93% | +15.03% | +13.87% | +14.69% | +14.56% | +14.70% | +13.98% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +3.83% | +5.22% | +5.52% | +7.17% | +4.51% | +5.82% | +5.65% | +5.60% | +5.88% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.68 | 0.91 | 1.08 | 1.36 | 0.78 | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.36% | +0.28% | +0.30% | +0.29% | +0.34% | — | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 7.79 | 5.83 | -0.86 | 7.13 | -11.57 | 9.91 | 10.78 | 11.33 | 11.13 |
| EPS · basic | 7.79 | 5.84 | -0.86 | 7.14 | -11.57 | 9.78 | 10.69 | 11.37 | 11.00 |
| Book value / share | 72.28 | 75.09 | 68.65 | 73.70 | 57.17 | 72.17 | 74.32 | 75.99 | 73.86 |
| Tangible BV / share | -35.05 | -32.55 | -22.18 | -69.07 | -56.15 | 72.17 | 74.32 | 75.99 | 73.86 |
| Sales / share | 71.20 | 73.79 | 80.31 | 78.34 | 82.01 | 86.25 | 86.30 | 89.58 | 89.76 |
| Operating CF / share | 13.92 | 10.48 | 11.19 | 11.78 | 11.38 | 12.67 | 12.56 | 13.17 | 12.55 |
| Free cash flow / share | 11.19 | 6.63 | 6.75 | 6.16 | 7.67 | 7.44 | 7.21 | 7.44 | 7.66 |
| Dividends / share | 3.59 | 3.86 | 4.05 | 4.19 | 4.28 | 4.42 | 4.61 | 4.77 | 4.61 |
| Payout ratio | +46.01% | +66.19% | -471.19% | +58.80% | -37.00% | -253.80% | -259.16% | -258.58% | -258.10% |
| Retention ratio | +53.99% | +33.81% | +571.19% | +41.20% | +137.00% | +353.80% | +359.16% | +358.58% | +358.10% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E | 8y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | ||||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | -0.05% | +6.63% | -4.11% | +6.69% | +4.50% | +1.55% | +1.96% | +0.79% | +2.19% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | -13.95% | +3.74% | +11.19% | +8.64% | -1.71% | -0.02% | +1.52% | +0.72% | +1.01% |
| Profit | ||||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | -26.18% | -84.62% | +729.08% | -151.61% | +144.38% | +4.85% | +2.57% | -2.66% | -16.97% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | -18.75% | -60.80% | +194.79% | -109.20% | +611.64% | -2.10% | +1.72% | +2.58% | -9.46% |
| Net income · YoY | — | -27.91% | -114.45% | +914.90% | -265.43% | +85.05% | -3.69% | -1.96% | +2.60% | — |
| Operating | ||||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | -25.52% | -85.79% | +782.84% | -152.20% | +145.19% | -3.02% | +3.16% | -0.48% | -17.27% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | ||||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | -25.16% | -114.75% | +929.07% | -262.27% | +185.66% | +8.74% | +5.11% | -1.76% | +4.56% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | -25.03% | -114.73% | +930.23% | -262.04% | +184.54% | +9.25% | +6.43% | -3.28% | +4.41% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 2030E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | |||||||||
| Total debt | $4.91B | $4.61B | $4.42B | $8.55B | $7.76B | $7.47B | $7.44B | $7.54B | $7.85B |
| Net debt | $4.57B | $4.44B | $3.77B | $8.49B | $7.69B | $7.19B | $7.15B | $7.24B | $7.56B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 2.54 | 3.03 | 6.57 | 5.02 | -49.43 | 9.03 | 9.17 | 9.13 | 9.29 |
| Debt / equity | 0.60 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 1.11 | 1.28 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 1.00 |
| Debt / assets | +30.12% | +28.69% | +29.51% | +42.16% | +44.19% | +38.73% | +38.71% | +39.27% | +40.66% |
| Equity / assets | +49.89% | +50.70% | +48.63% | +37.95% | +34.63% | +39.55% | +41.51% | +41.72% | +40.57% |
| Coverage | |||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 10.17 | 9.10 | 3.77 | 6.75 | -0.43 | 2.91 | 2.82 | 2.75 | 2.83 |
| Operating income / interest | 7.83 | 6.36 | 1.04 | 5.21 | -1.88 | 1.10 | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.09 |
| Interest expense | $177.1M | $160.9M | $152M | $250.7M | $358.5M | $273.12M | $276.18M | $288.44M | $286.97M |
| Liquidity | |||||||||
| Current ratio | 0.68 | 1.03 | 1.44 | 0.52 | 0.81 | — | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 0.30 | 0.36 | 0.88 | 0.21 | 0.26 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.03 | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital | -$925.8M | $57.3M | $872M | -$1.79B | -$505.4M | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | -11.57% | +0.72% | +10.22% | -21.94% | -5.79% | — | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).