Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | ||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | ||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | ||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | ||||||||
| Gross margin | +73.96% | +82.05% | +78.64% | +76.84% | -0.03% | +52.16% | +51.37% | +52.53% |
| Operating margin | +7.94% | +35.30% | +29.83% | +12.34% | -5.19% | +12.57% | +12.22% | +12.29% |
| EBITDA margin | +25.64% | +37.19% | +41.83% | +26.82% | +9.73% | +26.21% | +26.29% | +26.82% |
| EBIT margin | +7.83% | +27.24% | +32.20% | +16.42% | -5.19% | +14.47% | +14.35% | +14.50% |
| Pre-tax margin | +2.81% | +24.93% | +31.03% | +15.39% | -5.61% | +13.44% | +13.63% | +13.44% |
| Net margin | +2.70% | +20.48% | +26.17% | +13.33% | -3.68% | +11.82% | +11.77% | +12.17% |
| Cost structure | ||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +26.04% | +17.95% | +21.36% | +23.16% | +100.03% | +47.69% | +47.52% | +49.54% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +6.91% | +5.12% | +4.13% | +5.36% | +5.16% | +4.83% | +4.93% | +4.95% |
| Effective tax rate | +3.66% | +17.85% | +15.68% | +13.38% | — | +14.60% | +14.36% | +14.48% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | ||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +5.07% | +40.06% | +48.82% | +18.26% | -4.17% | +16.82% | +16.57% | +17.28% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +1.33% | +17.27% | +24.52% | +9.95% | -2.50% | +9.32% | +9.06% | +9.45% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +7.44% | +51.26% | +48.06% | +14.88% | -5.36% | +15.89% | +15.28% | +15.46% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +2.53% | +29.74% | +42.16% | +16.07% | -4.02% | +14.95% | +14.71% | +15.30% |
| Asset turnover | +49.00% | +84.31% | +93.71% | +74.62% | +67.94% | +78.89% | +76.98% | +77.69% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | ||||||||
| Net margin | +2.70% | +20.48% | +26.17% | +13.33% | -3.68% | +11.82% | +11.77% | +12.17% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +49.00% | +84.31% | +93.71% | +74.62% | +67.94% | +78.89% | +76.98% | +77.69% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +382.50% | +231.97% | +199.12% | +183.62% | +166.66% | +180.35% | +182.91% | +182.81% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | ||||||||
| Asset turnover | 0.49 | 0.84 | 0.94 | 0.75 | 0.68 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.78 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 0.63 | 1.15 | 1.31 | 1.11 | 0.95 | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 5.22 | 6.17 | 6.07 | 5.17 | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 10.90 | 11.59 | 15.63 | 13.21 | 11.93 | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 4.29 | 3.14 | 3.90 | 3.46 | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | ||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 33.50 | 31.48 | 23.35 | 27.63 | 30.61 | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 69.88 | 59.11 | 60.10 | 70.57 | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 85.09 | 116.13 | 93.56 | 105.37 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 18.29 | -25.54 | -10.11 | -7.17 | 30.61 | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 8.96 | 1.39 | 1.31 | 1.66 | -2.00 | 1.83 | 1.85 | 1.72 |
| FCF / Net income | 5.07 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.04 | -0.14 | 1.21 | 1.17 | 1.12 |
| FCF margin | +13.70% | +21.03% | +27.53% | +13.89% | +0.51% | +14.32% | +13.75% | +13.64% |
| OCF margin | +24.23% | +28.55% | +34.23% | +22.17% | +7.34% | +21.62% | +21.79% | +20.89% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +10.53% | +7.52% | +6.69% | +8.28% | +6.83% | +7.20% | +7.44% | +7.31% |
| CapEx / D&A | — | — | — | — | 0.46 | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.53% | +0.35% | +0.40% | +0.29% | 0.00% | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 0.96 | 13.07 | 19.79 | 9.65 | -2.98 | 3.17 | 7.14 | 8.97 |
| EPS · basic | 0.99 | 13.41 | 19.91 | 9.67 | -2.98 | 3.15 | 7.19 | 8.95 |
| Book value / share | 18.94 | 32.63 | 40.54 | 52.61 | 71.54 | 59.67 | 65.01 | 65.08 |
| Tangible BV / share | 18.94 | 32.63 | 40.54 | -64.59 | 71.54 | 59.67 | 65.01 | 65.08 |
| Sales / share | 35.49 | 63.81 | 75.63 | 72.09 | 81.00 | 84.90 | 91.52 | 92.42 |
| Operating CF / share | 8.60 | 18.22 | 25.89 | 15.98 | 5.95 | 18.36 | 19.94 | 19.31 |
| Free cash flow / share | 4.86 | 13.42 | 20.82 | 10.01 | 0.41 | 12.15 | 12.58 | 12.61 |
| Dividends / share | 0.00 | 2.00 | 2.28 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 1.25 | 1.33 | 1.33 |
| Payout ratio | 0.00% | +15.31% | +11.51% | +5.54% | -17.14% | +12.47% | +12.39% | +11.80% |
| Retention ratio | +100.00% | +84.69% | +88.49% | +94.46% | +117.14% | +87.53% | +87.61% | +88.20% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 7y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | |||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +80.81% | +9.94% | -14.28% | +93.83% | +5.71% | +6.01% | +2.29% | +20.95% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +100.58% | +5.37% | -16.24% | -100.07% | +207161.53% | +4.40% | +4.60% | +15.18% |
| Profit | |||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +703.34% | -7.10% | -64.53% | -181.43% | +356.16% | +3.13% | +2.87% | +28.73% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +162.26% | +23.65% | -45.03% | -29.71% | +184.89% | +6.30% | +4.37% | +21.73% |
| Net income · YoY | — | +1269.04% | +40.45% | -56.33% | -153.50% | +439.60% | +5.56% | +5.78% | +49.93% |
| Operating | |||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +528.95% | +29.97% | -56.29% | -161.21% | +395.00% | +5.11% | +3.41% | +32.08% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | |||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | +1261.46% | +51.42% | -51.24% | -130.88% | +206.30% | +125.41% | +25.63% | +37.61% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | +1254.55% | +48.47% | -51.43% | -130.82% | +205.77% | +128.24% | +24.44% | +36.97% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | ||||||||
| Total debt | $673.94M | $404.18M | $212.33M | $213.74M | $354.16M | $386.91M | $418.81M | $435.92M |
| Net debt | $524.03M | $131.11M | $12.96M | -$194.5M | -$78.01M | -$163.9M | -$154.59M | -$173.14M |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 1.62 | 0.15 | 0.01 | -0.34 | -0.19 | -0.14 | -0.13 | -0.14 |
| Debt / equity | 1.00 | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
| Debt / assets | +26.19% | +14.95% | +7.94% | +7.42% | +5.78% | +6.93% | +6.91% | +7.09% |
| Equity / assets | +26.14% | +43.11% | +50.22% | +54.46% | +60.00% | +55.45% | +54.67% | +54.70% |
| Coverage | ||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 5.10 | 16.11 | 35.75 | 25.97 | 10.10 | 25.51 | 24.61 | 24.98 |
| Operating income / interest | 1.58 | 15.29 | 25.50 | 11.95 | -5.38 | 12.23 | 11.45 | 11.45 |
| Interest expense | $63.34M | $52.64M | $29.33M | $22.19M | $40.12M | $45.24M | $49.84M | $51.26M |
| Liquidity | ||||||||
| Current ratio | 0.87 | 1.33 | 1.35 | 1.52 | 1.60 | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 0.60 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 0.93 | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.34 | 0.61 | 0.45 | 0.79 | 0.52 | — | — | — |
| Working capital | -$58.89M | $149.69M | $157.28M | $267.27M | $501.93M | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | -4.67% | +6.57% | +6.27% | +12.44% | +12.05% | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).