Explain this page
Arphra AIPlain-English read on Ford Motor Company’s valuationRatios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Quality composite
CMixed
A snapshot of the latest fiscal year’s margins, returns on capital, balance-sheet strength and efficiency, computed from the income statement, balance sheet and cash-flow rows. Source income / balance / cash_flow.
Profitability
Gross margin12.2%
Operating margin1.4%
Net margin-4.4%
ROE-22.7%
ROA-2.8%
ROIC1.0%
Liquidity & leverage
Current ratio1.07×
Quick ratio0.94×
Debt / equity4.66×
Net debt / EBITDA16.91×
Interest coverage2×
Efficiency & per-share
Asset turnover0.65×
Inventory days34
Days sales out.126
FCF / share$3.13
Book value / share$9.04
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | |||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | $39.38B | $52.2B | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | $177.31B | $196.42B | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | |||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | 0.96 | 1.05 | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | 26.31 | 15.76 | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | |||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | +14.93% | -15.67% | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | +17.11% | +23.88% | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | |||||||||
| Gross margin | +18.00% | +15.88% | +13.80% | +12.65% | +12.18% | +12.61% | +12.90% | +12.92% | +12.84% |
| Operating margin | +3.69% | +4.05% | +3.05% | +2.75% | +1.35% | +2.35% | +2.33% | +2.43% | +2.39% |
| EBITDA margin | +8.06% | +8.16% | +6.75% | +5.93% | +4.55% | +5.75% | +5.84% | +5.82% | +5.89% |
| EBIT margin | +3.69% | +4.05% | +3.05% | +2.75% | +1.35% | +2.33% | +2.36% | +2.38% | +2.33% |
| Pre-tax margin | +13.04% | -1.91% | +2.25% | +3.91% | -6.32% | -0.05% | -0.05% | -0.05% | -0.05% |
| Net margin | +13.16% | -1.25% | +2.47% | +3.18% | -4.37% | +0.42% | +0.41% | +0.41% | +0.43% |
| Cost structure | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +82.00% | +84.12% | +86.20% | +87.35% | +87.82% | +88.67% | +86.86% | +87.62% | +85.50% |
| R&D intensity | +5.57% | +4.93% | +4.65% | +4.32% | +5.02% | +4.71% | +4.72% | +4.67% | +4.67% |
| SG&A intensity | +8.74% | +6.89% | +6.09% | +5.57% | +5.81% | +5.86% | +5.86% | +5.67% | +5.70% |
| Effective tax rate | -0.73% | — | -9.13% | +18.51% | — | — | — | — | — |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | |||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +36.89% | -4.59% | +10.16% | +13.11% | -22.74% | +1.84% | +1.86% | +1.88% | +1.84% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +6.98% | -0.77% | +1.59% | +2.06% | -2.83% | +0.27% | +0.27% | +0.27% | +0.28% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +2.68% | +3.49% | +2.77% | +2.48% | +1.24% | +2.12% | +2.17% | +2.19% | +2.20% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +9.54% | +2.62% | +2.24% | +2.86% | +0.93% | +0.38% | +0.39% | +0.37% | +0.39% |
| Asset turnover | +53.04% | +61.77% | +64.47% | +64.86% | +64.76% | +64.31% | +64.07% | +64.17% | +64.62% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | |||||||||
| Net margin | +13.16% | -1.25% | +2.47% | +3.18% | -4.37% | +0.42% | +0.41% | +0.41% | +0.43% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +53.04% | +61.77% | +64.47% | +64.86% | +64.76% | +64.31% | +64.07% | +64.17% | +64.62% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +528.64% | +592.78% | +638.60% | +635.78% | +803.67% | +685.33% | +702.11% | +710.75% | +669.40% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | |||||||||
| Asset turnover | 0.53 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.65 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 2.15 | 2.63 | 2.83 | 2.85 | 2.84 | — | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 9.27 | 9.44 | 9.70 | 10.81 | 10.76 | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 3.10 | 2.90 | 2.84 | 2.78 | 2.90 | — | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 5.00 | 5.19 | 5.84 | 6.70 | 6.37 | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | |||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 117.56 | 125.74 | 128.49 | 131.35 | 125.77 | — | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 39.39 | 38.65 | 37.61 | 33.77 | 33.92 | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 72.97 | 70.29 | 62.46 | 54.50 | 57.28 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 83.98 | 94.10 | 103.64 | 110.62 | 102.41 | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 0.88 | -3.46 | 3.43 | 2.62 | -2.60 | 21.84 | 23.24 | 23.14 | 22.52 |
| FCF / Net income | 0.53 | 0.01 | 1.54 | 1.15 | -1.52 | 10.94 | 11.39 | 11.33 | 11.07 |
| FCF margin | +7.01% | -0.01% | +3.79% | +3.64% | +6.66% | +4.56% | +4.72% | +4.68% | +4.72% |
| OCF margin | +11.58% | +4.34% | +8.47% | +8.34% | +11.36% | +9.11% | +9.63% | +9.56% | +9.60% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +4.57% | +4.34% | +4.67% | +4.69% | +4.71% | +4.71% | +4.76% | +4.73% | +4.62% |
| CapEx / D&A | 1.04 | 1.06 | 1.26 | 1.48 | 1.13 | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +0.22% | +0.21% | +0.26% | +0.28% | +0.27% | — | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 4.45 | -0.49 | 1.08 | 1.46 | -2.06 | 1.65 | 1.83 | 2.06 | 2.06 |
| EPS · basic | 4.49 | -0.49 | 1.09 | 1.48 | -2.06 | 1.67 | 1.85 | 2.09 | 2.09 |
| Book value / share | 12.05 | 10.75 | 10.59 | 11.16 | 9.04 | 11.04 | 10.89 | 10.99 | 11.56 |
| Tangible BV / share | 11.53 | 10.17 | 10.42 | 10.99 | 8.92 | 11.04 | 10.89 | 10.99 | 11.56 |
| Sales / share | 33.80 | 39.38 | 43.60 | 46.01 | 47.06 | 48.64 | 48.97 | 50.13 | 50.00 |
| Operating CF / share | 3.91 | 1.71 | 3.69 | 3.84 | 5.35 | 4.43 | 4.72 | 4.79 | 4.80 |
| Free cash flow / share | 2.37 | -0.00 | 1.65 | 1.68 | 3.13 | 2.22 | 2.31 | 2.35 | 2.36 |
| Dividends / share | 0.10 | 0.50 | 1.24 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.04 | 1.02 |
| Payout ratio | +2.25% | -101.41% | +114.91% | +53.04% | -36.53% | +488.79% | +485.01% | +502.35% | +480.20% |
| Retention ratio | +97.75% | +201.41% | -14.91% | +46.96% | +136.53% | -388.79% | -385.01% | -402.35% | -380.20% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 8y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | ||||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +15.93% | +11.47% | +5.00% | +1.23% | +3.05% | +1.08% | +2.25% | +0.11% | +4.88% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +2.24% | -3.14% | -3.72% | -2.53% | +6.71% | +3.38% | +2.43% | -0.57% | +0.54% |
| Profit | ||||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +27.34% | -16.09% | -5.26% | -50.30% | +79.20% | +0.37% | +6.36% | -1.67% | -0.69% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +17.37% | -7.76% | -7.89% | -22.21% | +30.08% | +2.67% | +1.87% | +1.44% | +0.85% |
| Net income · YoY | — | -111.04% | +319.43% | +35.24% | -239.17% | +109.84% | +0.37% | +1.99% | +3.28% | -31.68% |
| Operating | ||||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +27.34% | -16.09% | -5.26% | -50.30% | +77.38% | +2.38% | +3.13% | -1.74% | -0.96% |
| R&D · YoY | — | +2.63% | +5.13% | -2.44% | +17.50% | -3.36% | +1.43% | +1.02% | +0.11% | +2.58% |
| Per-share | ||||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | -111.01% | +320.41% | +35.19% | -241.10% | +180.33% | +10.51% | +12.64% | -0.07% | -9.19% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | -110.91% | +322.45% | +35.78% | -239.19% | +181.09% | +10.65% | +13.23% | -0.06% | -9.11% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | |||||||||
| Total debt | $139.49B | $140.47B | $151.11B | $160.86B | $167.57B | $170.43B | $166.3B | $177.3B | $170.25B |
| Net debt | $118.95B | $115.34B | $126.25B | $137.93B | $144.22B | $145.85B | $141.31B | $151.94B | $144.15B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 10.82 | 8.94 | 10.61 | 12.58 | 16.91 | 13.15 | 12.41 | 13.10 | 12.25 |
| Debt / equity | 2.87 | 3.25 | 3.53 | 3.59 | 4.66 | 3.89 | 3.83 | 4.05 | 3.69 |
| Debt / assets | +54.27% | +54.90% | +55.29% | +56.40% | +57.95% | +56.80% | +54.61% | +57.05% | +55.09% |
| Equity / assets | +18.92% | +16.87% | +15.66% | +15.73% | +12.44% | +14.59% | +14.24% | +14.07% | +14.94% |
| Coverage | |||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 6.10 | 10.25 | 9.14 | 9.83 | 6.80 | 8.60 | 8.61 | 8.64 | 8.66 |
| Operating income / interest | 2.79 | 5.09 | 4.13 | 4.57 | 2.02 | 3.52 | 3.44 | 3.61 | 3.50 |
| Interest expense | $1.8B | $1.26B | $1.3B | $1.12B | $1.25B | $1.29B | $1.32B | $1.34B | $1.36B |
| Liquidity | |||||||||
| Current ratio | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.16 | 1.07 | — | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 0.90 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.20 | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $18.27B | $19.61B | $19.95B | $17.62B | $8.6B | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +13.40% | +12.41% | +11.32% | +9.52% | +4.59% | — | — | — | — |
Sourced from key_metrics + financial_ratios (loaded by load_fundamentals_extended.py).
Valuation
| Metric | FY 2025 | FY 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| P / E | — | — |
| P / B | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — |
| EV / Sales | 1.05x | 0.96x |
| Earnings yield | -15.7% | 14.9% |
| FCF yield | 23.9% | 17.1% |
Returns
| Metric | FY 2025 | FY 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Gross margin | — | — |
| Operating margin | — | — |
| Net margin | — | — |
| ROE | -22.8% | 13.1% |
| ROA | -2.8% | 2.1% |
| ROIC | 0.8% | 1.8% |
Leverage & liquidity
| Metric | FY 2025 | FY 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Debt / equity | — | — |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 16.91 | 12.58 |
| Interest coverage | — | — |
| Current ratio | 1.07x | 1.16x |
| Quick ratio | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).